-
1 Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel -
2 Alfred Nobel
n. Alfred Nobel -
3 Alfred Nobel
Имена и фамилии: Альфред Нобель -
4 Alfred Nobel
◙ n. אלפרד נובל (1833-1896), כימאי שבדי, ממציא הדינמיט, על-שמו פרסים גדולים המחולקים מדי שנה לאנשים בתחומים שונים* * *◙ םינוש םימוחתב םישנאל הנש ידמ םיקלוחמה םילודג םיסרפ ומש-לע,טימנידה איצממ,ידבש יאמיכ,(6981-3381) לבונ דרפלא◄ -
5 Alfred Nobel
-
6 Alfred Nobel
-
7 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
эк. премия Банка Швеции по экономическим наукам в память Альфреда Нобеля (впервые была вручена в 1969 г.)Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
-
8 Nobel, Immanuel
[br]b. 1801 Gävle, Swedend. 3 September 1872 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish inventor and industrialist, particularly noted for his work on mines and explosives.[br]The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsImperial Gold Medal (Russia) 1853. Swedish Academy of Science Letterstedt Prize (jointly with son Alfred) 1868.BibliographyImmanuel Nobel produced a short handwritten account of his early life 1813–37, which is now in the possession of one of his descendants. He also had published three short books during the last decade of his life— Cheap Defence of the Country's Roads (on land mines), Cheap Defence of the Archipelagos (on sea mines), and Proposal for the Country's Defence (1871)—as well as his pamphlet (1870) on making wood a more physically flexible product.Further ReadingNo biographies of Immanuel Nobel exist, but his life is detailed in a number of books on his son Alfred.CM -
9 Nobel, Alfred Bernhard
[br]b. 21 October 1833 Stockholm, Swedend. 10 December 1896 San Remo, Italy[br]Swedish industrialist, inventor of dynamite, founder of the Nobel Prizes.[br]Alfred's father, Immanuel Nobel, builder, industrialist and inventor, encouraged his sons to follow his example of inventiveness. Alfred's education was interrupted when the family moved to St Petersburg, but was continued privately and was followed by a period of travel. He thus acquired a good knowledge of chemistry and became an excellent linguist.During the Crimean War, Nobel worked for his father's firm in supplying war materials. The cancellation of agreements with the Russian Government at the end of the war bankrupted the firm, but Alfred and his brother Immanuel continued their interest in explosives, working on improved methods of making nitroglycerine. In 1863 Nobel patented his first major invention, a detonator that introduced the principle of detonation by shock, by using a small charge of nitroglycerine in a metal cap with detonating or fulminating mercury. Two years later Nobel set up the world's first nitroglycerine factory in an isolated area outside Stockholm. This led to several other plants and improved methods for making and handling the explosive. Yet Nobel remained aware of the dangers of liquid nitroglycerine, and after many experiments he was able in 1867 to take out a patent for dynamite, a safe, solid and pliable form of nitroglycerine, mixed with kieselguhr. At last, nitroglycerine, discovered by Sobrero in 1847, had been transformed into a useful explosive; Nobel began to promote a worldwide industry for its manufacture. Dynamite still had disadvantages, and Nobel continued his researches until, in 1875, he achieved blasting gelatin, a colloidal solution of nitrocellulose (gun cotton) in nitroglycerine. In many ways it proved to be the ideal explosive, more powerful than nitroglycerine alone, less sensitive to shock and resistant to moisture. It was variously called Nobel's Extra Dynamite, blasting gelatin and gelignite. It immediately went into production.Next, Nobel sought a smokeless powder for military purposes, and in 1887 he obtained a nearly smokeless blasting powder using nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose with 10 per cent camphor. Finally, a progressive, smokeless blasting powder was developed in 1896 at his San Remo laboratory.Nobel's interests went beyond explosives into other areas, such as electrochemistry, optics and biology; his patents amounted to 355 in various countries. However, it was the manufacture of explosives that made him a multimillionaire. At his death he left over £2 million, which he willed to funding awards "to those who during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind".[br]Bibliography1875, On Modern Blasting Agents, Glasgow (his only book).Further ReadingH.Schuck et al., 1962, Nobel, the Man and His Prizes, Amsterdam.E.Bergengren, 1962, Alfred Nobel, the Man and His Work, London and New York (includes a supplement on the prizes and the Nobel institution).LRD -
10 Alfred
n Алфред, Элфрид; АльфредAlfred, Lord Tennyson — Альфред, лорд Теннисон
-
11 Nobel Peace Prize
n. de Nobel vredesprijs (prijs op naam v. Alfred Nobel die voor werk die de vrede bevordert door de Zweedse Koninklijke Academie uitgereikt wordt) -
12 Nobel prize
n. Nobel prijs (prijs in de naam v. Alfred Nobel toegekend door de Zweedse Koninklijke Akademie voor uitmuntend werk in de humaniora/geestes- wetenschappen en de bevordering v.d. vrede) -
13 Nobel Prize in economics
эк. нобелевская [Нобелевская\] премия по экономикеSyn:
* * *
Нобелевская премия по экономике: премия за достижения в экономических науках в память Альфреда Нобеля, присуждаемая с 1969 г. (учреждена в честь 300-летия шведского "Риксбанка" - центрального банка Швеции).Англо-русский экономический словарь > Nobel Prize in economics
-
14 Nobel prize
Nobelpriset (pris i Alfred Nobels namn som ges av den Svenska Akademin för förtjänster inom naturvetenskap, humaniora och fred) -
15 prize
сущ.1) общ. награда, призSee:2) общ. премияSee: -
16 Sobrero, Ascanio
[br]b. 12 October 1812 Cassale, Monteferrato, Italyd. 26 May 1888 Turin, Italy[br]Italian chemist, inventor of nitroglycerine.[br]Sobrero initially studied medicine, qualifying as both a physician and surgeon, and then went on to study chemistry in Turin, Paris and Giessen. In 1847 he created nitroglycerine by slowly adding glycerine to a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids. The explosive injured both him and a number of others in the laboratory, and he was so horrified by its power and its potential effect on warfare that he refused to exploit his discovery; its introduction into general use thus had to wait for Immanuel and Alfred Nobel. In 1849 Sobrero was appointed Professor of Applied Chemistry at the Technical Institute, Turin, and he later became Professor of Pure Chemistry as well. He retired in 1882.[br]BibliographyHe was the author of numerous scientific papers reflecting his wide-ranging interests in chemistry.CM -
17 Sommeiller, Germain
[br]b. 15 March 1815 St Jeoire, Haute-Savoie, Franced. 11 July 1874 St Jeoire, Haute-Savoie, France[br]French civil engineer, builder of the Mont Cénis tunnel in the Alps.[br]Having been employed in railway construction in Sardinia, Sommeiller was working as an engineer at the University of Turin when, in 1857, he was commissioned to take charge of the French part in the construction of the 13 km (8 mile) tunnel under Mont Cénis between Modane, France, and Bardonècchia, Italy. This was to be the first long-distance tunnel through rock in the Alps driven from two headings with no intervening shafts; it is a landmark in the history of technology thanks to the use of a number of pioneering techniques in its construction.As steam power was unsuitable because of the difficulties in transmitting power over long distances, Sommeiller developed ideas for the use of compressed-air machinery, first mooted by Daniel Colladon of Geneva in 1855; this also solved the problems of ventilation. He also decided to adapt the principle of his compressed-air ram to supply extra power to locomotives on steep gradients. In 1860 he took out a patent in France for a combined compressor-pump, and in 1861 his first percussion drill, mounted on a carriage, was introduced. Although it was of little use at first, Sommeiller improved his drill through trial and error, including the use of the diamond drill-crowns patented by Georges Auguste Leschot in 1862. The invention of dynamite by Alfred Nobel contributed decisively to the speedy completion of the tunnel by the end of 1870, several years ahead of schedule.[br]Further ReadingA.Schwenger-Lerchenfeld, 1884, Die Überschienung der Alpen, Berlin; reprint 1983, Berlin: Moers, pp. 60–77 (explains how the use of compressed air for rock drilling in the Mont Cénis tunnel was a complex process of innovations to which several engineers contributed).W.Bersch, 1898, Mit Schlägel und Eisen, Vienna: reprint 1985 (with introd. by W.Kroker), Dusseldorf, pp. 242–4.WK -
18 Weapons and armour
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Armstrong, Sir William GeorgeCtesibius of AlexandriaZeng Gonglian -
19 Chemical technology
-
20 Mining and extraction technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Biographical history of technology > Mining and extraction technology
См. также в других словарях:
Alfred Nobel — Born 21 October 1833(1833 10 21) Stockholm, Sweden Died 10 December 1896( … Wikipedia
Alfred Nobel — Totenmaske von Alfred … Deutsch Wikipedia
Alfred Nobel — Nombre Alfred Bernhar … Wikipedia Español
Alfred Nobel — (1833 10 de diciembre de 1896) fue un inventor sueco, famoso principalmente por los premios que llevan su nombre. Nació en una familia de ingenieros; a los 9 años de edad su familia se trasladó a Rusia. En ese país él y sus hermanos recibieron… … Enciclopedia Universal
Alfred Nobel — Pour les autres membres de la famille, voir : famille Nobel. Alfred Nobel Nom de naissance … Wikipédia en Français
Alfred Nobel u. Co — Dynamit Nobel AG Unternehmensform Aktiengesellschaft, ehemalige Gründung 21. Juni 1865 Unternehmenssitz … Deutsch Wikipedia
Alfred Nobel University, Dnipropetrovs'k, Ukraine — Дніпропетровський університет імені АЛЬФРЕДА НОБЕЛЯ Established September, 1993 Type Private university … Wikipedia
Alfred-Nobel-Realschule — Staatliche Europa Schule Berlin Schultyp Realschule Gründung bitte nachtragen Ort Berlin Bundesland Berlin Staat Deutschland … Deutsch Wikipedia
Alfred-Nobel-Schule — Staatliche Europa Schule Berlin Schulform Integrierte Sekundarschule Gründung 1959 Ort Berlin Land Berlin Staat Deutschland Koordinaten … Deutsch Wikipedia
Alfred Nobel — Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21. oktober 1833 10. december 1896), svensk kemiker, ingeniør og dynamittens opfinder. Skrev i sit testamente, at hans store formue skulle bruges på oprettelsen af Nobelpriserne. Alfred var den tredje søn af Emmanuel Nobel… … Danske encyklopædi
Alfred Nobel — noun Swedish chemist remembered for his invention of dynamite and for the bequest that created the Nobel prizes (1833 1896) • Syn: ↑Nobel, ↑Alfred Bernhard Nobel • Instance Hypernyms: ↑chemist, ↑philanthropist, ↑altruist … Useful english dictionary